Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. Traditional cardiac biomarkers may be less reliable in CKD patients due to altered clearance and chronic inflammation. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn), a sensitive and specific biomarker of myocardial injury, has emerged as a potential predictor of cardiovascular events, even in the absence of acute coronary syndrome. This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of hs-cTn in predicting future cardiovascular events among patients with varying stages of CKD. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 CKD patients (Stages 3–5) without a history of recent myocardial infarction were enrolled. Baseline levels of hs-cTnT were measured using a high-sensitivity immunoassay. Participants were followed for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure hospitalization, and cardiovascular death. Patients were stratified into three groups based on hs-cTnT tertiles: Low (<10 ng/L), Intermediate (10–25 ng/L), and High (>25 ng/L). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between hs-cTnT levels and MACE. Results: During the follow-up period, 42 patients (28%) experienced at least one cardiovascular event. The incidence of MACE was significantly higher in the high hs-cTnT group (46%) compared to the intermediate (24%) and low (14%) groups (p < 0.01). Cox regression analysis showed that patients in the high hs-cTnT group had a 3.4-fold increased risk of MACE (HR 3.4; 95% CI 1.9–6.1, p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, diabetes, hypertension, and eGFR. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significantly reduced event-free survival in the high hs-cTnT group (log-rank p < 0.001). Conclusion: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular events in CKD patients. Its routine use in risk stratification may enhance early identification of high-risk individuals and enable timely intervention. Further large-scale studies are warranted to establish standardized hs-cTnT thresholds in the CKD population

Background: Mental health disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, are highly prevalent yet often underdiagnosed in primary care settings. Traditional screening practices are time-intensive and may be inconsistently applied. Digital cognitive tools offer an innovative solution for early identification, standardization, and improved integration of mental health services into routine primary care. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a digital mental health screening tool implemented in a primary care clinic. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional pilot program was conducted in a metropolitan primary care clinic over a period of six months. A total of 250 adult patients aged 18–65 years attending routine consultations were invited to participate. Participants completed a digital screening tool incorporating standardized questionnaires: the PHQ-9 for depression, GAD-7 for anxiety, and a brief cognitive assessment (MoCA-short). The tool was administered via tablet prior to the physician consultation. Outcomes measured included screening completion rate, positive screen prevalence, average time to completion, physician follow-up adherence, and patient satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square and t-tests, p < 0.05 considered significant). Results Of the 250 patients, 230 (92%) completed the digital screening. The mean completion time was 7.2 ± 2.1 minutes. Positive screening rates were 26% for moderate-to-severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥10), 18% for anxiety (GAD-7 ≥10), and 12% showed signs of cognitive impairment (MoCA-short <22). Follow-up referral adherence by primary care providers was 84% for positive cases. Patient satisfaction with the digital screening was high, with 88% rating it as helpful and 91% reporting ease of use. Conclusion The integration of a digital mental health screening tool in primary care is both feasible and effective in identifying at-risk individuals. High completion and satisfaction rates, along with timely follow-up, suggest that such tools can support early intervention and streamline mental health service delivery. Further large-scale studies are recommended to assess clinical outcomes and long-term impact.

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) represents a growing public health challenge, especially in rapidly urbanizing populations. Sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, and psychosocial stress contribute significantly to its rising prevalence. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a structured multisectoral lifestyle modification program in reducing the prevalence and severity of MetS in an urban population. Materials and Methods: This community-based, quasi-experimental trial was conducted over 12 months in two urban localities. A total of 300 adults aged 30–60 years diagnosed with MetS (as per NCEP ATP III criteria) were enrolled and randomized into intervention (n = 150) and control (n = 150) groups. The intervention group received a comprehensive program that included dietary counseling by nutritionists, physical activity sessions led by fitness trainers, stress reduction workshops, and periodic health education through local municipal partnerships. Anthropometric, biochemical, and lifestyle data were recorded at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Primary outcomes included changes in waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and blood pressure. Statistical analysis was performed using paired and unpaired t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: At the end of 12 months, significant improvements were observed in the intervention group compared to controls. Mean waist circumference reduced by 5.8 cm (p = 0.001), fasting glucose by 14.2 mg/dL (p = 0.002), triglycerides by 28.4 mg/dL (p = 0.003), and systolic blood pressure by 11.6 mmHg (p = 0.004). HDL cholesterol showed a modest increase of 3.1 mg/dL (p = 0.048). The prevalence of MetS decreased from 100% to 64% in the intervention group, while it remained unchanged (98%) in the control group. Conclusion: A coordinated, multisectoral lifestyle modification intervention delivered at the community level can significantly improve metabolic parameters and reduce the burden of MetS in urban populations. These findings highlight the potential of integrated public health approaches in managing non-communicable diseases.

Background: clinical challenge in diabetic patients. The co-existence of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular dysfunction worsens prognosis, increases hospitalization, and elevates mortality risk. Early detection using biomarkers and imaging modalities like echocardiography may help predict progression and facilitate timely intervention. This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the development and progression of CRS in diabetic patients through serial assessments of biomarkers and echocardiographic parameters. Materials and Methods A prospective longitudinal study was conducted over 18 months at a tertiary care center, involving 120 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients with known structural heart disease or advanced renal failure (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m²) were excluded. Participants underwent clinical evaluations, biomarker testing [NT-proBNP, cystatin C, serum creatinine, eGFR], and transthoracic echocardiography at baseline, 9 months, and 18 months. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), diastolic function, and left atrial size were recorded. Progression to CRS was defined based on combined worsening of cardiac and renal parameters. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results Out of 120 patients enrolled, 108 completed the study. The incidence of newly diagnosed CRS over 18 months was 32.4%. A significant rise in NT-proBNP (from 186 ± 45 pg/mL to 325 ± 62 pg/mL; p < 0.001) and cystatin C (from 1.08 ± 0.14 mg/L to 1.36 ± 0.18 mg/L; p < 0.01) was observed in those who developed CRS. Echocardiographic assessment revealed a decline in LVEF (from 58.2% ± 4.1% to 52.3% ± 5.7%) and worsening of diastolic function in 28 patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly higher CRS incidence in patients with baseline NT-proBNP >250 pg/mL (p = 0.002). Conclusion The study highlights that diabetic patients are at considerable risk of developing cardiorenal syndrome over time. Elevated NT-proBNP and cystatin C levels, along with echocardiographic changes, serve as early indicators of CRS. Regular monitoring of cardiac and renal biomarkers, alongside imaging, is recommended for early identification and improved management of at-risk diabetic individuals.

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a systemic metabolic disorder with multisystem complications, though its impact on pulmonary function remains underrecognized. Chronic hyperglycemia is hypothesized to impair lung mechanics through advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and microangiopathy.  Objective: This study evaluates pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and their association with glycemic control in T2DM patients in rural India, a region with limited healthcare access and high diabetes prevalence. Methods: A case-control study enrolled 424 T2DM patients (cases) and 424 age- and sex-matched controls. Participants aged 40–65 years underwent spirometry (measuring FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR, FEF25–75%) and HbA1c testing via HPLC. Exclusion criteria included smoking, obesity (BMI >30 kg/m²), and respiratory/cardiovascular diseases. Statistical analyses included t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and multivariate regression adjusting for age, BMI, and socioeconomic status (Kuppuswamy Scale). Result: T2DM patients exhibited significant reductions in FVC (2.38 vs. 3.08 L), FEV1 (1.85 vs. 2.51 L), and FEV1/FVC ratio (70.2% vs. 81.6%) compared to controls (p<0.001). Restrictive lung patterns dominated in diabetics (59% vs. 16.5%, p<0.001). HbA1c correlated inversely with all PFT parameters (r=-0.43 to -0.31, p<0.001), with poorest lung function in patients with HbA1c >8%. Socioeconomic disparities were evident: lower-income groups had worse glycemic control (47.2% HbA1c ≥7%) and reduced FVC (p<0.001). Males outperformed females in FVC (2.55 vs. 2.18 L) and FEV1 (1.98 vs. 1.70 L, p<0.001). Diabetes duration >10 years exacerbated pulmonary decline (FVC=2.20 L vs. 2.52 L in <5 years, p<0.001). Conclusion: T2DM significantly impairs pulmonary function, particularly under poor glycemic control. Restrictive patterns dominate, linked to AGE-mediated lung stiffening. Socioeconomic and gender disparities highlight the need for equitable healthcare interventions. Routine PFTs and integrated diabetes-respiratory care are recommended to mitigate extrapulmonary complications in high-risk populations.

Wearable technology for cardiac rhythm monitoring has rapidly emerged as a non-invasive, cost-effective, and scalable solution for the early detection, diagnosis, and management of arrhythmias. This systematic review aims to synthesize current literature on the clinical accuracy, usability, and limitations of wearable devices for cardiac rhythm assessment. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore databases covering publications from January 2015 to April 2025. Inclusion criteria focused on studies evaluating smartwatches, chest straps, and wearable patches with electrocardiographic (ECG) or photoplethysmography (PPG) capabilities. Results demonstrate a growing body of evidence supporting the feasibility and accuracy of wearables in identifying atrial fibrillation, premature contractions, and heart rate variability. Devices such as the Apple Watch, Fitbit, and AliveCor KardiaMobile have shown promising sensitivity and specificity when compared to clinical gold standards. However, challenges remain in terms of motion artifacts, signal noise, regulatory approvals, and integration with clinical workflows. This review underscores the potential of wearable cardiac monitors in preventive cardiology and telehealth, while highlighting the need for standardization and long-term validation in diverse populations.

Background: Tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBLN) is the most prevalent form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, commonly affecting cervical lymph nodes. The clinical profile and treatment outcomes of TBLN vary across regions and healthcare settings. Early diagnosis and timely initiation of anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) are critical to improving prognosis and reducing morbidity. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months in the Department of General Medicine at a tertiary care hospital. A total of 120 patients with histopathologically or microbiologically confirmed TBLN were enrolled. Detailed demographic data, clinical presentations, site of lymphadenopathy, diagnostic modalities, and response to standard Category I ATT were documented. Follow-up was carried out at 2-, 4-, and 6-months post-treatment initiation to assess resolution and complications. Results: Among 120 patients, 78 (65%) were female and 42 (35%) males, with a mean age of 28.4 ± 11.2 years. The most common clinical feature was painless cervical lymphadenopathy (84.1%), followed by fever (60.8%), weight loss (47.5%), and night sweats (32.5%). Right-sided lymph node involvement was observed in 54 (45%) cases. FNAC was diagnostic in 72%, while excisional biopsy confirmed TBLN in the remaining. After 6 months of ATT, complete clinical resolution was achieved in 105 (87.5%) patients, partial response in 10 (8.3%), and recurrence in 5 (4.2%). Conclusion: Tuberculosis lymphadenitis presents predominantly in young females with cervical lymph node involvement. FNAC remains a valuable diagnostic tool, and standard ATT shows high efficacy in most cases. Timely intervention and adherence to treatment protocols ensure favorable outcomes, although a small proportion may exhibit recurrence or incomplete response

Background and aim of the study Differentiating physiological athlete's heart from arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) remains a complex challenge, particularly in asymptomatic young athletes. Early identification is crucial to prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD). Materials and methods We present a 15-year-old male footballer undergoing routine sports screening. Resting electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed isolated T-wave inversion in V1. Echocardiography showed mild right ventricular (RV) dilation. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) identified minor RV regional wall motion abnormalities and mildly reduced RV ejection fraction. No late gadolinium enhancement was observed. Holter monitoring and exercise testing demonstrated no ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiac biomarkers were normal. Results The findings fulfilled only one minor ARVC diagnostic criterion, insufficient for definitive diagnosis per 2010 Task Force and 2020 Padua criteria. Given the borderline phenotype, multidisciplinary evaluation and shared decision-making were employed. Exercise restriction and further investigations including genetic testing and serial imaging were advised. Conclusions This case illustrates the diagnostic ambiguity in suspected early ARVC in athletes. Comprehensive evaluation, cautious interpretation of borderline findings, and individualized management strategies are paramount to balancing athletic aspirations with safety.

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. Emerging evidence suggests a potential role of vitamin D in modulating reproductive and metabolic functions. This study aims to evaluate the association between serum vitamin D levels and patients diagnosed with PCOS. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months involving 100 women aged 18–35 years. Fifty women diagnosed with PCOS based on the Rotterdam criteria formed the study group, while fifty age- and BMI-matched healthy women served as controls. Blood samples were collected to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Clinical features including body mass index (BMI), menstrual irregularities, acne, and hirsutism were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v25, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean serum vitamin D level in the PCOS group was 14.2 ± 4.8 ng/mL, significantly lower than the control group (22.5 ± 5.1 ng/mL) (p < 0.001). Among PCOS patients, 76% had vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL), compared to 38% in the control group. A significant inverse correlation was observed between serum vitamin D levels and BMI (r = -0.52, p = 0.003) and Ferriman-Gallwey score (r = -0.46, p = 0.007) in the PCOS group. Conclusion: The findings indicate that women with PCOS are more likely to have lower serum vitamin D levels, which may contribute to the severity of clinical manifestations. Vitamin D assessment and correction may play a supportive role in the management of PCOS.

Introduction: Infertility is a major public health problem worldwide that has been encountered more during recent years. Infertility leads to considerable personal suffering and disruption of family life. According to United Nations “Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely absence of the disease or infirmity in all matters related to the reproductive system and its functions and processes”3. The most comprehensive study of infertility Aim:  To evaluate the prevalence of male and female infertility in different age groups. Method and material: The study was conducted on 200 couples in Index Medical College and Research Centre and Manipal Ankur Center for infertility CHL hospital Indore. Subjects with the complaint of primary infertility in the child bearing age span had provided the necessary clinical material for this study. With routine investigation. Result: Age alone impacts on fertility, In the present study maximum number of infertile females (51.13%) belonged to the age group between 20 to 30 with mean age group 31.46 ± 4.99 years Conclusion: Prevalence of primary infertility is predominant in female compared to males. The age group affected in both the gender is 20-30years.

This study examines the relationship between emotional eating and obesity in an adult Indian population, addressing a gap in understanding how emotional eating influences BMI in culturally specific contexts. Utilizing the Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ), we categorized 101 participants based on emotional eating tendencies and analyzed their association with obesity. Findings reveal that higher emotional eating scores are associated with increased BMI, suggesting that emotional eating plays a significant role in obesity risk among Indian adults.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly accelerated the adoption of telemedicine worldwide, especially for managing chronic diseases like hypertension. With the easing of pandemic-related restrictions, a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of telemedicine versus traditional in-person consultations is essential to optimize long-term hypertension management strategies. Materials and Methods: A prospective, comparative study was conducted at a tertiary care center. A total of 200 patients diagnosed with primary hypertension were enrolled and randomized into two groups: Group A (n=100) received telemedicine consultations via video/audio calls every month, while Group B (n=100) attended in-person visits on the same schedule. Both groups received lifestyle counseling and medication adjustments based on their blood pressure (BP) readings. Data on systolic and diastolic BP, medication adherence (using the Morisky scale), and patient satisfaction (using a 5-point Likert scale) were collected at baseline and after 6 months. Results: At the end of the study period, Group A showed a mean reduction of 12.5 mmHg in systolic BP and 8.2 mmHg in diastolic BP, while Group B showed a reduction of 13.1 mmHg and 8.5 mmHg respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in BP control between the groups (p > 0.05). Medication adherence was slightly higher in the telemedicine group (mean Morisky score: 7.8 ± 1.1) compared to the in-person group (7.4 ± 1.3), though not statistically significant. Patient satisfaction was higher in the telemedicine group (mean score: 4.6/5) due to convenience and time-saving benefits. Conclusion: Telemedicine consultations were found to be as effective as in-person visits in managing hypertension in the post-COVID era, with comparable outcomes in BP control and adherence, and higher patient satisfaction. These findings support the integration of telehealth as a sustainable model for chronic disease management.

Background: Subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) is a silent yet progressive vascular complication in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), often going undetected until clinical manifestations occur. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression, have emerged as promising non-invasive biomarkers for early vascular changes. This study aims to assess the diagnostic potential of specific circulating miRNAs in identifying SA in asymptomatic T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 90 participants aged 40–65 years, divided into three groups: Group A (T2DM with SA, n=30), Group B (T2DM without SA, n=30), and Group C (healthy controls, n=30). Subclinical atherosclerosis was diagnosed using carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement via high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Circulating levels of miR-126, miR-146a, and miR-21 were quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of these miRNAs. Results: Mean CIMT values were significantly elevated in Group A (0.87 ± 0.09 mm) compared to Group B (0.63 ± 0.05 mm) and Group C (0.58 ± 0.06 mm) (p < 0.001). Levels of miR-126 and miR-146a were significantly downregulated in Group A (1.9 ± 0.6 and 2.2 ± 0.7-fold change, respectively) compared to Group B (3.5 ± 0.8 and 3.9 ± 1.0) and Group C (4.1 ± 0.9 and 4.3 ± 0.6). Conversely, miR-21 levels were upregulated in Group A (5.6 ± 1.2-fold change) vs. Group B (3.4 ± 0.9) and Group C (2.1 ± 0.5). ROC analysis revealed miR-126 had the highest area under the curve (AUC = 0.89), followed by miR-146a (AUC = 0.85) and miR-21 (AUC = 0.82), indicating good diagnostic performance. Conclusion: Altered expression of miR-126, miR-146a, and miR-21 in T2DM patients with subclinical atherosclerosis suggests their utility as early, non-invasive biomarkers for vascular risk stratification. Incorporating miRNA profiling into routine diabetic care may facilitate early detection and timely intervention for atherosclerotic complications.

Background: Hand hygiene remains the most effective measure in preventing hospital-acquired infections. Despite continuous training, compliance among healthcare providers, particularly medical interns, often falls short of expected standards. Understanding the adherence levels and influencing factors is essential for implementing effective interventions. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over a 3-month period in a tertiary care teaching hospital. A total of 120 medical interns were included using convenience sampling. Hand hygiene practices were assessed through direct observation based on WHO’s “Five Moments for Hand Hygiene” guidelines. Compliance was measured during routine clinical duties using a structured checklist. Additional data were collected via a validated self-administered questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitude, and perceived barriers. Results: Overall hand hygiene compliance was observed to be 52.4%. Compliance was highest before aseptic procedures (67.1%) and lowest after touching patient surroundings (38.2%). Female interns showed significantly higher compliance (58.9%) than males (47.3%; p=0.03). Interns posted in the ICU had better adherence (61.5%) compared to those in general wards (46.2%). Knowledge scores were moderate (mean = 7.3 ± 1.5 out of 10), and 64% of participants cited lack of accessible hand rubs as a major barrier. Multivariate analysis revealed that knowledge score and departmental posting were significant predictors of compliance (p<0.05). Conclusion: Hand hygiene compliance among medical interns was suboptimal, with significant variation based on clinical context and gender. Targeted training programs, regular monitoring, and improved accessibility to hand hygiene facilities are recommended to enhance compliance and reduce nosocomial infection risks.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a significant risk factor for stroke, especially in hypertensive individuals. The choice of antihypertensive therapy may influence cerebrovascular outcomes in these patients. Beta-blockers (BBs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are frequently prescribed for rate control in AF, but their comparative effectiveness in preventing stroke remains uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of BBs versus CCBs in reducing the incidence of stroke among hypertensive patients with AF. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 240 hypertensive patients with non-valvular AF attending a tertiary care hospital from January 2022 to December 2023. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (n=120) received beta-blockers, and Group B (n=120) received calcium channel blockers. Baseline characteristics, blood pressure control, and stroke incidence were recorded over a 12-month follow-up. Stroke events were confirmed via neuroimaging. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test and Cox proportional hazards model to compare stroke risk between the groups. Results: The mean age of participants was 68.4 ± 9.2 years, with 56% males and 44% females. At the end of 12 months, stroke incidence was significantly lower in the BB group (8.3%) compared to the CCB group (15.8%) (p = 0.045). Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, and blood pressure control showed that beta-blocker therapy was associated with a 35% lower risk of stroke (HR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.43–0.98). Conclusion: Beta-blockers demonstrated a modest but statistically significant advantage over calcium channel blockers in reducing stroke risk among hypertensive patients with atrial fibrillation. These findings support the preferential use of beta-blockers in patients requiring antihypertensive therapy and rate control in the context of AF.

Background: General Anaesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness. It makes it possible to have procedures that would be too painful or stressful to have while awake. Objective: to provide robust evidence to guide anesthetic choices in this challenging surgical population, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes in cancer surgery of head and neck. Methods: This Randomized controlled study was conducted in Department of Anaesthesiology, Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly after obtaining Institutional Ethical Committee’s approval. Duration of Study was One year from August 2023 to July 2023. Result: Neither Desflurane nor Isoflurane consistently outperforms the other in terms of maintaining hemodynamic stability throughout the surgery. Patients receiving Desflurane however exhibited higher heart rates at certain period of time intraoperatively in comparison to isoflurane. Despite these differences, none are pronounced enough to clearly favor one agent significantly over the other across all time points. Conclusion: Desflurane outperformed Isoflurane in terms of recovery parameters. Patients who were administered Desflurane achieved faster spontaneous eye opening, swallowing, head raising, tongue protrusion, and regular breathing compared to those receiving Isoflurane.

Background: Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Circulating biomarkers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) have been identified as potential indicators of myocardial injury and systemic inflammatory response. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation of these inflammatory markers with infarct severity and short-term outcomes in STEMI patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 120 STEMI patients admitted to the coronary care unit of a tertiary hospital over 18 months. Serum levels of IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α were measured within 12 hours of symptom onset. The severity of myocardial infarction was assessed using peak troponin I levels and echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Clinical outcomes including in-hospital complications and 30-day mortality were documented. Correlation analyses and multivariate logistic regression were applied. Results: Mean serum levels were: IL-6 (48.6 ± 12.3 pg/mL), CRP (28.4 ± 9.1 mg/L), and TNF-α (22.7 ± 7.4 pg/mL). A significant inverse correlation was found between IL-6 and LVEF (r = -0.58, p < 0.001), and a positive correlation with peak troponin I (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). Elevated CRP and TNF-α were also associated with higher Killip class at presentation (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). Patients with biomarker levels in the highest tertile had a significantly increased risk of adverse in-hospital events (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.9–7.5) and 30-day mortality (OR: 4.5, 95% CI: 2.1–9.2). Conclusion: Higher levels of IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α are strongly associated with greater infarct severity and poorer short-term outcomes in STEMI patients. These biomarkers may serve as valuable tools for early risk stratification and prognostic assessment in acute coronary settings.

Background: Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) has emerged as a significant health concern characterized by persistent, multisystemic symptoms lasting beyond the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Systemic inflammation has been hypothesized as a major contributor to prolonged organ dysfunction. This study aimed to assess the association between key inflammatory biomarkers and the extent of multisystem involvement in patients diagnosed with PCS. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over six months at a tertiary care center. A total of 120 patients who had recovered from laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection but continued to experience symptoms for more than four weeks were enrolled. Blood samples were collected to measure levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), ferritin, D-dimer, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Multisystem involvement was assessed based on clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations, and radiological findings involving cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, renal, and musculoskeletal systems. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and Pearson correlation coefficients, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 120 participants (mean age: 45.2 ± 12.6 years; 62 males, 58 females), 68% showed involvement of at least two organ systems. Elevated CRP (>10 mg/L) was found in 72% of patients with multisystem involvement (p<0.001), and raised IL-6 (>7 pg/mL) in 64%. Ferritin levels were elevated (>300 ng/mL) in 58% of affected individuals, while D-dimer (>500 ng/mL) was raised in 43% and ESR (>30 mm/hr) in 61%. A positive correlation was observed between CRP and the number of systems involved (r=0.68), as well as IL-6 and symptom severity score (r=0.54). Conclusion: Inflammatory biomarkers, particularly CRP and IL-6, show strong predictive value for multisystem involvement in post-COVID syndrome. Routine assessment of these markers may aid early identification and risk stratification of patients at higher risk for prolonged morbidity.

Background: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has gained popularity for its efficiency in improving cardiovascular and respiratory health. However, limited data exist on its direct impact on cardiac output and pulmonary function in healthy young adults. This study aims to evaluate the physiological differences in these parameters between individuals regularly practicing HIIT and those leading sedentary lifestyles. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 young adults aged 18–25 years, divided into two groups: Group A (n=30) consisted of individuals engaging in structured HIIT sessions (≥3 sessions/week for ≥6 months), and Group B (n=30) included sedentary individuals with no regular exercise routine. Cardiac output was measured using Doppler echocardiography, while pulmonary function tests (PFTs) including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1), and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) were assessed using spirometry. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-tests with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results: Group A demonstrated significantly higher mean cardiac output (6.3 ± 0.8 L/min) compared to Group B (4.9 ± 0.7 L/min, p<0.001). Similarly, pulmonary function parameters were elevated in the HIIT group: FVC (4.1 ± 0.3 L vs. 3.4 ± 0.4 L, p<0.001), FEV1 (3.7 ± 0.3 L vs. 3.1 ± 0.3 L, p<0.01), and PEFR (490 ± 30 L/min vs. 420 ± 35 L/min, p<0.01). No significant differences were noted in resting heart rate or blood pressure between groups. Conclusion: Regular participation in HIIT is associated with improved cardiac output and pulmonary function among young adults. These findings suggest that HIIT may serve as an effective non-pharmacological strategy to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness in this population.

Background: Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are two modern antidiabetic drug classes that not only improve glycemic control but also exert beneficial cardiovascular effects. However, comparative data on their efficacy remains limited and warrants further evaluation to inform optimal therapeutic strategies for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: A prospective, open-label study was conducted among 120 patients with T2DM aged between 40–65 years. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: Group A (n=60) received empagliflozin 10 mg/day (SGLT2i) and Group B (n=60) received liraglutide 1.2 mg/day (GLP-1 RA) for a period of 24 weeks. Primary endpoints included change in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and body weight. Secondary endpoints involved evaluation of systolic blood pressure (SBP), LDL-C, and occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and ANOVA, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results: At 24 weeks, Group A showed a reduction in HbA1c from 8.2% ± 0.6 to 7.1% ± 0.4, while Group B exhibited a greater reduction from 8.3% ± 0.5 to 6.8% ± 0.3 (p=0.04). FBG declined by 31.5 ± 8.2 mg/dL in Group A and 38.9 ± 7.5 mg/dL in Group B (p=0.03). Weight reduction was significantly higher in Group B (−4.8 ± 1.2 kg) than in Group A (−2.9 ± 1.0 kg). Improvements in SBP and LDL-C were more notable in the SGLT2i group. MACE incidence was comparable between groups, with 2 events in Group A and 1 in Group B. Conclusion: Both SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrated significant glycemic and cardiovascular improvements in patients with T2DM. GLP-1 RAs offered superior glycemic control and weight loss, whereas SGLT2is provided better blood pressure and lipid profile modulation. Individualized therapy considering comorbid conditions may optimize patient outcomes.