Some systemically used drugs in managing dermatologic disorders have associated severe side effects, of which eye involvement is very significant. There are various mechanisms for these drugs to cause damage to the eye. The damage to the eye can be acute as in Stevens– Johnson syndrome or chronic as with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity. Knowledge about these drugs and information about the mechanisms and types of damage to the eye are essential. It is also important to understand the monitoring mechanisms to diagnose early and limit the damage. Newer investigative tools, especially the imaging techniques help us to diagnose the adverse effects at an early stage. All these issues are discussed in brief here. 

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) also known as atopic eczema, is an allergic condition with hereditary predisposition. It mostly presents with intensely itchy skin, raised, splotchy lesions anywhere throughout the body. AD is most commonly seen in younger age group; the severity increases with increasing age. It is a chronic allergic condition, having both dermatologic as well as ocular manifestations. Ocular manifestations and its complications of AD are proven to be potentially morbid.  The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequencies, prevalence and pattern of ocular manifestations in patients with Atopic Dermatitis in our Teaching Hospital in Western Uttar Pradesh, so that early diagnosis and treatment of symptoms can be effectively done to prevent complications.  Materials And Methods: A Hospital based observational study of Ocular manifestations in 80 cases of Atopic Dermatitis was done over 6 months. To study the frequency of ocular symptoms and its complications, a study group comprising of 49 males and 31 females were examined thoroughly. Associated ocular signs, anterior segment of eye and fundus were examined.  Results: Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) having the maximum contribution (38.8%) followed by severe blepharoconjunctivitis (20.3%) was found in our study. Lid involvement appeared as thickening, scaling and Dennie Morgan folds, while conjunctival changes were seen in form of severe follicular and moderate to severe papillary reactions with limbal thickening. Cobblestone appearance of papillae were typically found along with papillary hypertrophy. The ocular abnormalities were mostly found in the age group of 0-10 years with an average duration of suffering from AD of >1 year. The ocular manifestations in our case group were not significantly associated with visual impairment or any serious morbidity.  Conclusion: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic allergic condition which when presents as ocular manifestations presents mostly with rubbing of eyes which eventually presents as lid thickening and scaling along with red itchy raised lesions like any other part of the body involved due to AD. The inflammatory reactions due to hypersensitivity, raised immunoglobulins like IgE and interleukins and other inflammatory mediators leads to conjunctivitis which eventually involves cornea leading to keratitis also. Complications like keratoconus, uveitis, anterior and posterior sub capsular cataract etc. were not found in our study which can be found with following up the patients for quite a longer time. The severity of the ocular manifestation can be perpetually correlated with the duration of the disease suffered by the patient. This is a condition which is mostly found in younger age group, and our study also could correlate with previous results.

Introduction: Nutritional anaemia is a worldwide problem, with the highest prevalence in developing countries. In India, 20-40% of maternal deaths are due to anaemia. 55 % of Indian adolescent girls are anaemic and the prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age is 53.1% and 56% of adolescent girls and 46.8 % of the women aged 15-49 years are anaemic in Rajasthan and the prevalence was slightly higher in rural than urban areas.  Objective: To study association between epidemiological determinants and anaemia prevalence among 10–49-year age group females. Methodology: Community based cross-sectional study, A total of 600 women were selected for study by systematic random sampling. Inclusion criteria included informed verbal consent and no critical or chronic illness.  Results: Most (92.50%) of the study population was anaemic. Mean haemoglobin value among anaemic and non-anaemic females was 8.65±1.23 g/dl & 11.24±1.21 g/dl respectively. About 2/3rd (69.55%) of the anaemic study population had moderate anaemia. Only 2.50 % of the anaemic study population had severe anaemia.  Conclusion: Anaemia is a major public health problem among adolescent and reproductive age females in rural area and age groups, type of family, age at marriage, age at first child, pattern of menstrual cycle, medical history of study population and signs and symptoms were associated with anaemia in adolescent and reproductive age females.

Myopia is a major threat for vision health across the world. It is responsible for around 75% of refraction related complications with serious social and economic consequences. Patients with severe forms of myopia or high myopia are more susceptible to ocular abnormalities such as lacquer cracks, retinal detachment, chorioretinal atrophy and glaucoma. Simple myopia is due to variation within normal limits of the optical system. Materials and methods: A total of 100 myopic subjects (200 eyes) age group 6-60 years were examined and the axial lengths of these eyes were determined using A-scan Ultrasonography. Statistical analysis was done with Mean, standard deviation and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: On stastical analysis we noted that mean axial length increases as the degree of myopia increases with a strong positive correlation (r = 0.9475). This study also revealed that the myopia is more common in female (56%) than male (44%). It is also found that maximum no of cases was found in the age group of 11-20 years followed by21-30. Least number of cases were found in extremes of age groups.  Conclusion: From this study of 100 patients (200 myopic eyes) a positive correlation between the mean axial lengths and degree of myopia was seen and also the longer the axial length the severer the myopia.

Background: The present study compared Phacoemulsification versus manual small incision cataract surgery.  Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on 64 patients of cataract of both genders. They were divided into 2 groups of 32 patients each. Group I were non- diabetic patients in which conventional extra capsular cataract surgery and small incision cataract surgery was performed on 32 patients each and group II comprised of diabetic patients in which both techniques were performed on 32 patients each. Following surgery, postoperatively patients were examined 1st day, after 2 weeks and 6 weeks. Complications in both groups were assessed. Results: In group I, CECC technique showed iridodialysis in 1 case, MSICS showed iris prolapse in 1 case, constricted pupil in 1 case and retained cortex in 1 case. In group II, iris prolapse was seen in 1 case, retained cortex in 1 case and PC rent in 1 case while, MSICS showed iridodialysis in 1 case, iris prolapse in 1 case, retained cortex in 1 case, PC rent in 1 case and vitreous loss in 1 case. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Post- operative complications were iris prolapsed 1 in MSICS in group II, wound leak 1 in CECC in group I, II and MSICS 1 in group II, secondary glaucoma 1 in MSICS in group I and 2 in group II, posterior capsule opacity 1 in MSICS in group I and cystoids macular edema 1 in CECC and MSICS each in group II. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).  Conclusion: Conventional extra capsular cataract extraction found to be effective as compared to manual small incision cataract surgery in non-diabetic than diabetics. Common complications were iris prolapsed, wound leak, secondary glaucoma, posterior capsule opacity and cystoids macular edema.